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法律英语|“企业犯罪”?!不!

来源:www.xass-zs.com 2024-01-29
一位博识学子不耻下问于笔者:海外犯罪学界新侣说一类犯罪企业犯罪,愿闻其详。笔者答曰:企业犯罪?!你说的是否,enterprise crime。她说:是的。

其实,企业犯罪一语在汉语中听到还是第一回,虽然作为现在大家所关心的课题之一法人犯罪倒是时有所闻,时有所见的。至于把enterprise crime这一用语译成企业犯罪,那是几乎能查英汉词典的人都会的由于那是望文生义的逐字硬译。

话还要从organized crime说起,此乃有组织的犯罪也。这虽也是望文生义,但因义如其文,所以基本上倒是译对了的。所谓基本上对,则是尚未传 organized crime之神。在英美,这organized crime固属有组织的犯罪之列,但他们心目中的organized crime按已经形成的言语习惯,却是具体地指帮会如Mafia,cosplaya Nostra(黑手党吾辈之事帮),Outlaw Motorcycle gangs(飞车帮),Triad(三和党),Yakuza(野寇崽帮),Colombia Drug Cartels(哥伦比亚贩毒卡特尔),Jamaican Posses(牙买加暴力团)和United Bamboo Gang(竹联帮)等等犯罪;而不是广义的有组织的犯罪。这就是说在英美通常言语中,organized crime指狭义的帮拿犯罪(而不是广义的、字面意义的有组织的犯罪)。

因为organized crime被普通人狭义地用作帮会犯罪了,因此英美刑事司法工作者(教师和研究职员)反而只得另行起用一个词来表达有组织的犯罪了。这个词就是 80年代起就在逐步开始用(尚在确立之中)的enterprise crime。所以enterprise crime并不是望文生义的企业犯罪而是有组织(的)犯罪。

那样,有组织的犯罪即enterprise crimes所包含的是什么犯罪呢?这个问题笔者请教过已来华三十余次、同国内有关部门有业务联系的美国伊利诺大学行政副校长、犯罪学教授吕却瓦尔德博士,他举了enterprise crimes的如下的例子(并再三声明并不以此为限,而只不过举例而已):

1.Organizedcrime;

2.Whitecollarcrime;

3.Corruption1;

4.Economic crime;

5. Conspiracy2;

6. Fraud;

7.Organized drug trafficking;

8,Extortion;

9. Other illicit activities of social concern


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